Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus, called the endometrium, grows outside the uterus. This misplaced tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, outer surface of the uterus, pelvic cavity, and other organs in the abdominal area.

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several theories exist. These include retrograde menstruation (when menstrual blood flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity), genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, and immune system dysfunction.

The most common symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms may include:

Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)
Chronic pelvic pain outside of menstruation
Pain during or after sexual intercourse
Painful bowel movements or urination during menstruation
Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
Fatigue
Infertility

Endometriosis is usually diagnosed through a combination of medical history evaluation, pelvic examination, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The only definitive way to diagnose endometriosis is through a surgical procedure called laparoscopy, during which a surgeon inserts a small camera into the abdomen to visualize and potentially remove any endometrial tissue.

While there is currently no cure for endometriosis, several treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These can include:

Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription pain medications can help manage pain associated with endometriosis.
Hormonal therapy: Hormonal medications such as birth control pills, progestins, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists can be used to suppress menstruation and reduce endometrial tissue growth.
Surgery: Laparoscopic surgery can be performed to remove endometrial tissue and adhesions. In severe cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be recommended.

Managing endometriosis often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving gynecologists, pain specialists, and sometimes fertility specialists. Treatment plans are typically tailored to the individual’s symptoms, severity of the disease, and reproductive goals.